Investigation
Extralegal Control and Group-Based Repression
From liuzhi, RSDL, torture, and relational pressure to governance of Xinjiang, Tibet, religion, labor, and reproduction.
Articles
25- Liuzhi Detention: Closed Custody in Supervision InvestigationsAuthority and oversight across liuzhi, protective custody, ordered availability, interrogation, and judicial transfer.
- RSDL: How a Legal Procedure Creates a Black-Box SpaceA sourced reconstruction of RSDL conditions, place, notice, counsel, and procuratorial oversight.
- Detention Centers and Prisons: How Custody Extends PunishmentPolice detention, justice-administration prisons, health care, labor, visits, and resident procuratorial oversight.
- Counsel Access and Assigned Defense in National-Security CasesMeeting permission, lawyer choice, file access, secrecy, and pressure around guilty pleas.
- Torture, Illegal Evidence, and Medical Deprivation in Case HandlingCoerced confession, sleep deprivation, restraints, delayed care, and exclusion of illegal evidence.
- Custodial Health Care, Medical Release, and Delayed TreatmentHealth assessment, referrals, records, medical release, and death investigation.
- The Coercive Boundary of Psychiatry: When Diagnosis Becomes ControlVoluntary treatment, danger criteria, referral actors, review, and allegations of political psychiatric confinement.
- Black Jails and Petitioner Interception: How Local Responsibility Produces Extralegal CustodyBeijing interception, contracted security, temporary facilities, forced return, and fragmented responsibility.
- Soft Detention and Sensitive-Period Control without Formal OrdersTracking, guards, forced travel, disconnection, escort, and family pressure as informal restriction.
- Exit Bans: Legal Grounds, Border Lists, and Family SpilloverCriminal, civil, and national-security exit restrictions, notice, duration, and remedy.
- Secret Trials: State Secrets, Public Access, and Defense LimitsClosed trial, secret evidence, judgments, family attendance, and verifiability.
- Pressure through Families, Workplaces, and SchoolsHow warnings, jobs, enrollment, housing, visits, and exit restrictions affect associated people.
- Xinjiang VETCs: Counterterrorism Policy, Administrative Education, and DetentionSeparating the official vocational-training account, coercion evidence, criminal detention, and later transfer.
- Xinjiang Labor Transfers: How Employment Policy Creates Coercion RiskReal-name management, targets, training, company placement, on-site management, and the cost of refusal.
- Uyghur Child Separation, Boarding Education, and Language ReplacementChild welfare, boarding schools, and Mandarin education after parental detention or exile.
- Tibetan Residential Education: Access, Family Separation, and Language PolicyRemote-school access, parental choice, boarding scale, language of instruction, and cultural effects.
- Tibetan Monasteries, Resident Cadres, and Grassroots Grid ControlVenue registration, monastic management, patriotic education, digital records, and community responsibility.
- Religious Affairs and United Front: Administering SinicizationInterfaces among united front, religious affairs, patriotic associations, local government, and police.
- House Churches: Registration, Venue Enforcement, and Identity PressureVenue, donation, education, online, and criminal exposure outside the Three-Self system.
- Catholic Bishop Appointments and Organizational Control under the China-Vatican AgreementVatican authority, patriotic association, bishops' conference, united-front management, and underground communities.
- Administrative Governance of Mosques and Islamic ClergyVenue alteration, clergy credentials, scripture education, pilgrimage, halal labels, and deradicalization.
- Institutional History, Legal Tools, and Evidence Limits in the Falun Gong CrackdownSeparating the 1999 political decision, legal prohibition, propaganda, detention, and grave-abuse allegations.
- Forced Labor and Supply-Chain Audits: Why Ordinary Social Audits FailGovernment transfers, factory management, worker interviews, traceability, and corporate due diligence.
- Family-Planning Quotas: How Local Performance Entered Women's BodiesBirth targets, social compensation fees, pregnancy checks, contraception, coercion, and policy reversal.
- Xinjiang Birth-Rate Decline and Evidence on Coercive Birth PreventionSeparating statistics, policy, medical measures, testimony, government explanation, and legal findings.
Cases
13- The 709 Crackdown: How Legal Advocacy Became a Security RiskAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The 709 Crackdown: How Legal Advocacy Became a Security Risk.
- The Chang Weiping Case: RSDL, Torture Allegations, and Pressure on LawyersAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The Chang Weiping Case: RSDL, Torture Allegations, and Pressure on Lawyers.
- The Xu Zhiyong and Ding Jiaxi Case: From Private Gathering to Subversion ConvictionsAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The Xu Zhiyong and Ding Jiaxi Case: From Private Gathering to Subversion Convictions.
- The Cao Shunli Case: Custodial Health Care, International Advocacy, and Death InvestigationAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The Cao Shunli Case: Custodial Health Care, International Advocacy, and Death Investigation.
- Petitioner Black Jails: Temporary Sites, Security Agents, and Forced ReturnAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Petitioner Black Jails: Temporary Sites, Security Agents, and Forced Return.
- The Ilham Tohti Case: Scholarship, Ethnic Policy, and Separatism ConvictionAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The Ilham Tohti Case: Scholarship, Ethnic Policy, and Separatism Conviction.
- Xinjiang VETCs: Data Screening, Centralized Education, and Continuing ControlAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Xinjiang VETCs: Data Screening, Centralized Education, and Continuing Control.
- Xinjiang Labor Transfers: From Real-Name Registers to Factory ManagementAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Xinjiang Labor Transfers: From Real-Name Registers to Factory Management.
- Uyghur Child Separation: Parental Detention, Welfare Placement, and Boarding EducationAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Uyghur Child Separation: Parental Detention, Welfare Placement, and Boarding Education.
- Tibetan Residential Schools: Educational Access and Assimilation DisputeAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Tibetan Residential Schools: Educational Access and Assimilation Dispute.
- The Early Rain Covenant Church Case: Unregistered Religion, Venue Enforcement, and National SecurityAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The Early Rain Covenant Church Case: Unregistered Religion, Venue Enforcement, and National Security.
- The 1999 Falun Gong Ban: Political Decision, Legal Punishment, and Grave-Abuse AllegationsAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in The 1999 Falun Gong Ban: Political Decision, Legal Punishment, and Grave-Abuse Allegations.
- Coercive Enforcement in the One-Child Era: Targets, Fines, and Bodily ControlAn evidence-graded reconstruction of institutions, procedure, disputes, and consequences in Coercive Enforcement in the One-Child Era: Targets, Fines, and Bodily Control.
Event records
12- The 709 Crackdown on LawyersFrom July 2015, lawyers and defenders across China were summoned, detained, placed in RSDL, or disappeared.
- Chang Weiping RSDL CaseUN experts cited Chang Weiping's case as emblematic of the crackdown on lawyers and RSDL risks.
- Closed Trials and Heavy Sentences of Xu Zhiyong and Ding JiaxiThe two were arrested after a private gathering and convicted of subversion; UN mechanisms raised fair-trial and torture concerns.
- Cao Shunli's Deteriorating Health and Death in CustodyCao Shunli's health deteriorated in custody and she died in 2014; UN experts continue to seek an independent investigation into delayed care and responsibility.
- Black Jails and Forced Return of PetitionersInvestigations document local actors or agents holding petitioners in temporary sites and returning them home.
- The Period of Large-Scale Xinjiang VETC OperationAfter 2017 VETCs operated at scale; China described vocational deradicalization while OHCHR documented serious arbitrary-detention concerns.
- Xinjiang Labor Transfers and Supply-Chain DisputesGovernment employment programs and external forced-labor allegations remain disputed around voluntariness, refusal, and factory management.
- Uyghur Child Separation and Boarding PlacementUN experts recorded concerns about children entering boarding or welfare institutions after parental detention or exile; China emphasizes education and child protection.
- Tibetan Residential Schools and Assimilation DisputeUN experts and China present opposing accounts of scale, voluntary choice, language, and cultural effect.
- Early Rain Covenant Church Crackdown and Wang Yi CaseFrom 2018 the church and members faced enforcement; Wang Yi was later convicted of inciting subversion and illegal business activity.
- The 1999 Nationwide Ban on Falun Gong and Long CampaignAfter 1999, Party-state legal and propaganda bodies conducted a national ban, detention, and transformation campaign, with grave-abuse allegations receiving international attention.
- Local Coercive Enforcement during the One-Child EraLocal targets, fees, and contraception tasks produced allegations of forced abortion, sterilization, and property sanctions in some areas before policy shifted toward encouraging births.